Arbitration Clauses in a Contract: When Arbitration Can and Cannot be in a Contract in California

Arbitration is a private dispute resolution process where parties agree to have a neutral third party (the arbitrator) hear their case and make an (often) binding decision. It is not uncommon for business contracts—but commercial agreements and employment agreements—to contain mandatory pre-dispute arbitration clauses. You may be wondering: Is an arbitration clause enforceable in California? The answer is presumptively “yes”—but there are certain requirements that it must meet. Here, our Fremont business lawyer explains the key things to know about when an arbitration clause can and cannot be in a contract in California.

Arbitration Clauses are Generally Enforceable in California

A pre-dispute arbitration clause is a contractual provision requiring parties to resolve future disputes through arbitration instead of litigation. It is commonly included in consumer, employment, and commercial contracts. California lawmakers have long viewed mandatory arbitration provisions with skepticism. In 2019, Assembly Bill 51 (AB 51) was passed in the state to prohibit employers from requiring employees or applicants to sign arbitration agreements as a condition of employment. However, its enforcement was challenged. On January 1st, 2024, a federal court issued a permanent injunction. The court determined that the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) preempts AB 51. As such, arbitration clauses for employment contracts are still lawful in California.

While Permissible, Arbitration Clauses Must Meet Certain Standards in California

Even though AB 51 never took effect, mandatory arbitration clauses must meet certain criteria to be lawful in California. The California Supreme Court set the standard in the case of Armendariz v. Foundation Health Psychare Services, Inc. Here are five key elements:

1. Arbitrator must be neutral: In California, arbitration clauses must ensure that the arbitrator is impartial and free from any conflicts of interest.
2. More than minimal discovery must be allowed: While arbitration does not include a full discovery process, it cannot be limited to only “minimal” discovery.
3. Fees for the arbitration cannot be unreasonable: Businesses and employers cannot impose excessive arbitration costs on customers and employees.
4. All forms of relief available in court must be possible remedy: Arbitration agreements must not limit the types of damages or remedies that a party could otherwise seek in court.
5. The arbitration must be decided in writing: Finally, the arbitrator must make his or her decision in writing with a basic explanation of the basis of the ruling.

Beyond that, a mandatory arbitration provision in California may also potentially be considered invalid and unenforceable if it is substantively unconscionable. For example, a contract arbitration clause that requires an employee to waive all PAGA claims rights has been previously deemed overly broad and substantively unconscionable by courts.

Speak to Our California Arbitration Attorney for a Confidential Consultation

Lynnette Ariathurai is a California business lawyer who has the experience to help companies and employers with the full range of arbitration cases. Contact us today for a fully confidential, no obligation initial consultation. With an office in Fremont, we serve business throughout the region, including in Union City, San Leandro, San Jose, and Santa Clara.